BCG & Bain Case Interview

1. BCG & Bain Case Interviews Overview

BCG & Bain interview process

BCG and Bain interviews usually consist of two parts:

• Fit interview (10 minutes)
• Case interview (30-45 minutes)

The typical candidate can expect 4-6 interviews during a span of 4-8 weeks. The first 2-3 interviews are likely done by Engagement Managers, while later interviews are reserved for the more senior Partners or Directors.

Skills, traits and background requirements

In BCG or Bain case interviews, each candidate must successfully display the following five attributes – among which the first three are crucial to consulting. In the Case Interview End-to-End Secrets Program, I’ll teach you how to demonstrate all of these attributes effectively, both in the case interview and the PEI. 

• Problem-solving skills:
  To be specific, it’s the analytical aspect of problem-solving. This is the core of consulting work – breaking down business problems to find root causes and deliver solutions.
• Leadership ability: 
  A consultant doesn’t just sit around, alone, analyzing stuff. A consultant works with his team, connects to relevant experts, then uses that expertise to convince clients to follow his plans. The work involves a lot of people influencing, so leadership skills are absolutely crucial.
• Achieving mentality:
  You simply can’t get far without this mindset. Management consulting is notorious for tight deadlines and heavy workload; you must always go the extra mile if you’re to survive in this industry.
• Business background:
  Consulting firms don’t explicitly look for people with business backgrounds, but fundamental business knowledge is necessary to pass the recruitment process. If you come from a non-business background, you definitely need to brush up on this aspect; check out our video on Case Interview Starter Guide for Non-Business Candidates for more details on what to learn.
• Technical skills:
  If you’re applying for specialist roles you may be questioned on technical skills besides the usual case interviews. Precisely which skills are tested will differ according to the role and office, so check on their websites or contact the office for the details before going.

End-to-End Secrets Program

• 10 case interview Tips & Techniques videos 
• +1,400 Consulting Math questions
• 60+ Business Intuition exercises
• PEI & Fit Interview deep-dive guide

2. BCG & Bain Case Interviews – Candidate-Led

“Case Interview” – What Does It Mean?

A case interview is an interview with a business context

In a case interview, you are given a business problem and asked to solve it – that problem, together with the whole surrounding business context, is called a case.

“The Pirate Company, based in the Caribbeans, offering assets removal services to ships in the area, is suffering from negative profits. They want you to look into the cause and solve it.”

In this case, the problem is decreasing profits. If you are the candidate, you’re supposed to find out what’s causing it, and most of the time, also how to fix it.

What are BCG and Bain case interviews like?

There are two extremes in terms of the autonomy you’d have in a case interview. On one end of the spectrum, in a candidate-led case, you lead the problem-solving process. On the other end, in an interviewer-led case, the interviewer tells you what to do.

Candidate-led cases focus on one big problem

In candidate-led cases, you solve the problem in its entirety, not through small questions as in interviewer-led cases.

As with all kinds of cases, a top-down approach is of prime importance. You are not supposed to yield solutions immediately, but to break the problem down into small parts and tackle each at a time. That’s how real consultants solve problems, not showing it in an interview will ruin your chances.

Candidate-led cases are more flexible

In candidate-led cases, you are free to analyze the problem as you see fit.

The interviewer usually has a “case universe” in mind – basically a fictional world formed by data on the supposed client and their problem. You’re allowed to freely explore this world.

Even if you venture out of the scenarios imagined by the interviewer through unexpected issue trees and solutions, he/she will most likely come up with new information on the fly to help you solve the case in your own way.

Candidate-led cases places less emphasis on being right

You are allowed a larger margin of error in candidate-led cases than in interviewer-led ones. 

In candidate-led cases, you have to break down the problem all by yourself, with very little assistance from the interviewer. As such, you can be “forgiven” for larger errors than in interviewer-led cases, where you are effectively guided through that process.

Interested in learning about the interviewer-led side of the spectrum? Wanting to know about the mechanisms of case interviews at McKinsey – the most prestigious management consulting firm? See this extensive guide on interviewer-led case interviews at McKinsey.

3. BCG & Bain Case Interviews – Consulting Problem-Solving Fundamentals

Candidate-led case interviews are much more similar to real consulting work than their interviewer-led cousins; as such, you need to approach these cases in the same way real consultants approach their projects – using the fundamental concepts of consulting problem-solving.

There are seven such concepts: Problem, Root Cause, Issue Tree, MECE, Hypothesis, Data, and Solution.

Concept #1: Problem

Every case interview starts with one well-defined problem, which is accompanied by a specific objective. To illustrate the principles, I’ll be using a simple, daily-life problem:

There are cockroaches in my apartment. How can I eliminate them?

Concept #2: Root cause

Solutions can only have long-term effects if the root causes of the problem are identified and attacked. 

Most problems are at the end of a long chain of causes and consequences; failing to identify the start of the chain ensures that the problem will come back to haunt you. Think of draining a bathtub without turning off the faucet – it just doesn’t work.

Spraying insecticide on cockroaches that stray into my apartment may help with my inner peace for a while, but that peace will be disturbed again if the source of those cockroaches (the root cause) remains on the face of the Earth.

Concept #3: Issue tree

An issue tree helps you identify all the root causes efficiently and effectively.

In an issue tree, the problem is broken down into multiple branches, each corresponding to a contributing factor. Each branch is in turn broken down into sub-branches. This breaking down allows the problem-solver to pinpoint each and every root cause.

For an issue tree to work as intended, it must adhere to a principle that’s a signature of the consulting world – MECE. 

I did not exactly drawn an issue to kill the cockroaches, but if I did, it would look like this:

Concept #4: MECE

This acronym stands for “Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive”, which means there’s no overlap between the branches, and all branches together cover every possibility, i.e there’s no gap.

Besides these basics, the MECE principle actually has several “advanced” rules:

• Parallel items: every branch in a MECE issue tree must be on the same logical level.
• Ordered list: the branches should be arranged in a logical order (e.g: A, B, C instead of C, A, B)
• Rule of Three: the best, most intuitive number of branches in a MECE issue tree is 3. It’s fine to go with 2-4, even 5 can be acceptable sometimes, but an issue tree with 6 branches or more is extremely difficult to work with.
• No interlinking items: there should be as little interdependence between the branches as possible, to avoid one root cause showing through multiple branches.

This MECE principle is a must-know for every prospective consultant. You’ll be hearing this word a lot in the consulting industry: “I like your idea, but your issue tree is not MECE enough”.

The division of the search into “inside” and “outside” pretty much covered every possible location, and there’s no overlap between them, so it’s MECE.

Concept #5: Hypothesis

A hypothesis, the context of consulting problem-solving, is an educated guess that one certain branch is the most likely to contain the issue tree.

Hypotheses must follow the issue tree, be top-down, and based on existing information.

Hypothesizing allows the consultant to prioritize the most probable “culprits”, making the problem-solving process much more efficient.

If the root cause is confirmed to be inside one branch, drill down to find it; otherwise, move sideways to another branch on the same level. Rinse and repeat until every root cause is identified.

I noticed that I often saw the cockroaches near the door, coming in, so it would be unwise to hypothesize that the source is inside my apartment. As such, I began my search from the outside.

Concept #6: Data

A hypothesis must always be tested with data – facts and figures related to the problem. 

One piece of data standing alone may not yield significant insights; in those cases, we compare them with reference points benchmarks, of which the two most common kinds are “historical” and “competitor”.

The aforementioned piece of data is not enough to verify that the cockroaches come from outside, so I asked my neighbors if they also saw an increase in cockroaches; they mostly said “yes”, so I was able to confirm that hypothesis. Fast forward a short while, I located a site of infestation at the end of the corridor before the building.

Concept #7: Solution

After the analyzing process, it’s time to deliver solutions.

A suitable solution must be actionable – if the proposal is not feasible, it’s as good as useless.

The solutions must attack all the root causes to ensure long-lasting impact – if even one root cause remains untouched, the problem will persist.

In case interviews, you must also pitch your solutions in a structured fashion, by separating them into neat and meaningful categories (usually “long-term” and “short-term”)

I’d love to use a flamethrower and burn those nasty cockroaches, but that would reduce the whole building to ashes, so I had to make do with insecticide (short-term) and cleaning up the place (long-term).

4. BCG & Bain Case Interviews – Frameworks

Frameworks are off-the-shelf templates to break down problems.

I also wrote another article on Case Interview Frameworks, with tips and techniques in case interviews, as well as some myth-busting on common misconceptions about frameworks.

Anyhow, here’s five frameworks you can use to solve your cases:

• Profitability Framework: Splits Profits into Revenues and Costs; mostly used to mathematically break down problems before switching to qualitative frameworks for solutions.

• Business Situation Framework: Analyzes a company situation in four areas: Company, Competitors, Customers, Products; flexible for many purposes but generic, needs customizations.

• McKinsey M&A Framework: Assesses a proposed M&A on three aspects: stand-alone values of each involving company, their synergy, and “other factors”. MECE and promoting customizations, this is one of the best M&A frameworks.

• 4P/7P Marketing Mix: The 4P analyzes the Product, Price, Place, Promotion for marketing tangible goods; the 7P adds People, Process and Physical Evidence to the mix, meant for service marketing. This framework focuses solely on the marketing aspect, so not suitable for multi-function strategies.

• Porter’s Five Forces Model: Analyzes the industry surrounding a business, on five aspects or “forces” – Suppliers, Customers, Competitors, New Entrants, and Substitutes. Good for getting the “big picture” about the industry and understanding the client’s context.

Along with the frameworks, there are these powerful, universal problem-solving tools which I term “mini frameworks”. Here’s five of them:

• External vs Internal: This is a quick and easy method to segment information about a particular entity. The internal branch concerns what’s inside or intrinsic of the said entity, the external branch the outside.

• Qualitative vs Quantitative: This mini-frameworks is mostly meant for evaluations. By dividing items into two MECE groups, it reduces confusion and minimizes the risk of missing an important item.

• Costs vs Benefits: This decision-making tool is pretty straightforward – if the benefits outweigh the costs, you go with that option. 

• 2×2 Matrix: The 2×2 Matrix is a decision-making tool where options are examined using two criteria, each of which forms an axis of the matrix.

• SWOT Analysis: This mini-framework is seldom used in case interviews, being too generic; however, it can be used for a quick and easy evaluation of a company’s positioning within the industry context.

5. BCG & Bain Case Interviews – Tips

To help illustrate the following tips and techniques, we’ll again visit The Pirate Company. In the Case Interview End-to-End Secrets Program, you can find countless such tips throughout the 10 case videos of the Tips and Techniques package. 

Tip #1: Open the case perfectly

Tip #2: Use personal script

To nail all of these steps and still come about as natural, as well as saving your brainpower for the analysis part, what you’ll definitely need is a personal interview script.

Feel free to use this template script that I personally used when I was interviewing as a candidate; this script contains lines for not only for this opening part but also other recurring situations in the case interview!

Tip #3: Use the map habit

Pause occasionally to summarize where you are, and where you’re going next!

I call it the “map habit” because it’s so similar to using the map when travelling.

This is a habit that I stress repeatedly in the Case Interview End-to-End Secrets Program, because of its importance both in case interviews and in my consulting experience. It gives you a sense of direction as well as authority; additionally, you get plus points in the interview for an organized approach.

Suppose you’ve explored the The Pirate Company’s “Revenue” branch, with data suggesting the problem not coming from that branch, you’re supposed to sum up your findings about the revenue branch up till now then announce you’re going to explore the “Cost” branch in consideration of those findings.

Tip #4: Speak in a structured manner

Always speak in a very structured fashion, when you do not, announce in advance.

I can’t stress enough how prospective consultants must be structured in everything they do. Every word they speak must reflect that structured mindset.

Here are three tips to structure your speech:

• Begin with a summary line, stating the most important takeaway/intention.
• Divide what you intend to say into clear-cut parts. Avoid jumping back and forth between items as much as possible.
• Number your items so it’s easier to keep track, both for you and your interviewer. Even better if you announce in advance how many items you’re going to discuss.

Take a look again at the opening parts and you’ll see these tips being applied.

If you desperately need to speak in an unstructured fashion, just ask “May I think out loud for a short while?” – the interviewer will allow unstructuredness for that mode; however, you do need to restructure your ideas once the “verbal brainstorming” session is over.

Tip #5: Avoid long silence

Don’t allow long, awkward moments of silence in your interviews – ask for timeout or announce think-out-loud mode.

A timeout is a great excuse to think in silence; however, too long and it will backfire, especially if you can’t come up with something worthy of the long wait. 

Use it prudently, and always try to think as fast as possible while still being “correct”.

Thinking out loud is especially good if you need a lot of time to brainstorm, and you want some feedback from the interviewer during the process. Again, however, limit your use of this out-of-jail card; too many “think-out-loud” sessions will create the impression that you’re unorganized.

Tip #6: Stick to the hypotheses

Always speak with the current hypothesis in mind, and that hypothesis must be in the issue tree.

The whole point of this hypothesis-driven approach to problem-solving is to have your efforts guided by hypotheses and not wasted aimlessly. Drawing out the issue tree and forgetting it, is like buying a car then going everywhere on a bicycle.

That said, even the best and brightest people forget their hypotheses in the midst of overwhelming data. To avoid such a situation, do yourself a sanity check every once in a while, look back at your issue tree; if what you’re doing doesn’t match your current position on it, go back immediately!

Tip #7: Take good notes

Use three types of notes for your case interviews: data, presentation, and scratch paper.

When the interview starts, pull three sheets of paper and label them accordingly.

You’ll use the data sheet to jot down and process any data the interviewer gives you, as well as your calculations; the presentation sheets to draft things you’ll say to the interviewer; and the data sheet for anything else you need to write out, such as your ideas when brainstorming.

For one thing, neat notes really helps with your thought process, because it eases the storing and arranging of information you receive. For another, you’re showing the interviewer that you’re an organized and careful person.

For the example case, the notes may look like this:

Tip #8: Make the final pitch short

Your final, solution pitch must be concise and result-oriented.

Imagine you’re in the elevator with the client CEO (or in the example case, the Chief Captain) and he asks for your findings – you should be able to deliver it before the elevator arrives at its destination floor! This is a “question” they ask at the end of a case interview.

The pitch should always begin with the root causes, immediately followed by your recommendations – client CEOs don’t have much time to waste on the procedure, so no need to bring it up – and lastly, end your pitch in a client-friendly fashion, saying “We’d be happy to work with you to implement the solutions”. Voila, you’ve nailed that pitch!

Tip #9: Practice getting stuck

I’ll point out three common kinds of “stuck” in a candidate-led case, and how to overcome each.

6. Example from End-to-End Secrets Program

Here’s a candidate-led example case from our Case Interview End-to-End Secrets Program!

This sample case is a great example of all the techniques I’ve told you about, because while the candidate does have good business intuition, his techniques need a lot of fine-tuning.

Besides what we’ve discussed, the Case Interview End-to-End Secrets Program features countless other instant-result tips and techniques for case interviews.

7. How to Prepare for BCG & Bain Case Interviews

8. Written Case Interview

What is a written case interview?

A written case interview is a case interview where you receive the questions and data, as well as deliver your recommendations in written forms of communication.

Although similar in principle, the written cases at Bain and BCG do differ in significant details:

(Information acquired from Bain and BCG websites, June 2020; may vary depending on office)

As you may have realized through the table, written case interviews test not only your analysis, but also your ability to select relevant data, handle time pressure, and present recommendations. It really does simulate the daily job of a management consultant, not just focusing on the analyzing process.

Surely, all the principles of regular case interviews will apply, but how can you effectively showcase the abilities tested uniquely by the written case?

How to nail the written cases

Here’s how you can demonstrate that you possess the qualities tested in written case interviews:

9. Bain & BCG Fit Interview

Bain & BCG fit interview topics

Most fit interview questions at Bain & BCG can be grouped into four common topics:

• Why you are interested in Bain/BCG/consulting
• Your hobbies and interests
• Your previous job (if you have one)
• Examples of leadership/achieving mentality/problem-solving skills

These topics together aims to assess two things:

• Whether you are “fit” with the organization – personality, motivation, etc.
• Whether you possess sufficient personal experience (i.e leading, handling conflicts, coping with work pressure, etc.) for the consulting world.

Unlike at McKinsey where they focus on personal experience, Bain and BCG place more emphasis on the “fit” part. Their interviews are generally less structured.

Why Bain/Why BCG/Why consulting?

For the first topic, the key is to be authentic and detailed.

You’ll almost definitely be asked to explain why you’re applying. When that happens, don’t recite the company’s marketing materials and become the umpteenth candidate with that same generic answer.

Research before you apply, not for the sake of the fit interview, but to thoroughly understand the industry and the companies. Then, pay attention to the unique features of each company, as well as the nature of consulting work, and see how they fit with your own preferences – that will become the basis for your answer.

Hobbies and interests questions

For these questions, implicitly connect your answers with consulting traits.

Don’t just say you like football, say you competed in a local tournament and became the best goalkeeper there (insert quantitative evidence for even better impact). If you play board games, mention that 10,000-member community you founded.

Don’t be afraid of showing unusual hobbies and interests – mine is paragliding, which is not exactly a popular sport in my country. You may pique the interviewer’s curiosity.

However, if your hobbies and interests involve something controversial (political and religious movements come to mind), my advice is to avoid mentioning them at all.

Previous-job questions

If asked about your previous job, you can be more flexible, either mentioning aspects similar to consulting traits, or to Bain/BCG cultures (such as when you analyzed your customers to devise better sales pitches, or when your boss allowed you to decide on the monthly sales plan).

However, do keep in mind to avoid negative comments about your former boss or colleagues. Talking behind one’s back is one of the auto-fail mistakes in MBB consulting firms.

Story-telling questions – Showing your consulting traits

The third topic is about telling a story of your consulting traits; which is why you should:

Develop 3-5 well-rounded, detailed stories demonstrating all or most consulting traits (the three key ones being leadership, achieving mindset, and analytical problem-solving). 

In the fit interview, tell those stories from angles that best reflect the traits being asked for.

Many candidates make the mistake of focusing on the possible questions and developing stories specifically answering those questions. The resulting stories are often one-dimensional, reducing the candidate’s flexibility in the interview. 

There are three steps to develop a good fit-interview story:

Four biggest mistakes in the fit interview

• Faking Stories: Be as authentic as possible. The last thing you want is to be perceived as untruthful in an interview – and it’s not that hard to detect fake stories, which have no depth and are full of plot holes.
• Wasting Time on Context: Be result-oriented even in fit interviews – nobody has time nor attention span for unnecessary context. Use just enough context to build tension then quickly move to action and results.
• Repeating Stories: Vary your stories as much as possible. That will help you look more experienced in the interviewers’ eyes, and give them a multi-faceted view of the best you.
• Not Focusing on Oneself: Remember to stress your own value within the team. Teamwork is good, but talking about the team too much makes you sound like an insignificant cog in a machine, and that won’t impress anybody.

For an even more comprehensive guide on consulting fit interviews, see the article on Bain & BCG Fit Interviews and McKinsey PEI.

If you want to learn even more about the case interview and the secrets to land yourself a consulting offer, subscribe to our Case Interview End-to-End Program!